ProofComplete

Homological Mirror Symmetry - Key Proof

We outline the proof of homological mirror symmetry for elliptic curves, the foundational result established by Polishchuk and Zaslow. This proof illustrates the techniques that have been extended to higher-dimensional cases.

ProofHMS for Elliptic Curves (Outline)

Let E=C/Ξ›E = \mathbb{C}/\Lambda be an elliptic curve and E^=C/Ξ›βˆ¨\hat{E} = \mathbb{C}/\Lambda^\vee its dual torus. We construct an equivalence Ξ¦:Db(Coh(E))β†’DFuk(E^)\Phi: D^b(Coh(E)) \to D\mathcal{F}uk(\hat{E}).

Step 1: Generators

The derived category Db(Coh(E))D^b(Coh(E)) is generated by:

  • Structure sheaf OE\mathcal{O}_E
  • Skyscraper sheaf Op\mathcal{O}_p at a point p∈Ep \in E

Every coherent sheaf on EE can be built from these via exact triangles and shifts.

Step 2: Lagrangian Generators

The Fukaya category DFuk(E^)D\mathcal{F}uk(\hat{E}) is generated by:

  • Zero section L0βŠ‚E^L_0 \subset \hat{E}
  • Fiber FF of the projection E^=C/Ξ›βˆ¨β†’S1\hat{E} = \mathbb{C}/\Lambda^\vee \to S^1

These Lagrangian circles generate via products and taking cones.

Step 3: Define Functor on Generators

Set: Ξ¦(OE)=L0,Ξ¦(Op)=F\Phi(\mathcal{O}_E) = L_0, \quad \Phi(\mathcal{O}_p) = F

This assignment must preserve triangulated structure and Ext groups.

Step 4: Verify Ext Groups

We need: Exti(OE,Op)β‰…HFi(L0,F)\text{Ext}^i(\mathcal{O}_E, \mathcal{O}_p) \cong HF^i(L_0, F)

Left side: By Serre duality and Riemann-Roch: Ext0(OE,Op)=C\text{Ext}^0(\mathcal{O}_E, \mathcal{O}_p) = \mathbb{C} Ext1(OE,Op)=0\text{Ext}^1(\mathcal{O}_E, \mathcal{O}_p) = 0

Right side: The Lagrangians L0L_0 and FF intersect transversely at one point, so: HF0(L0,F)=C,HF1(L0,F)=0HF^0(L_0, F) = \mathbb{C}, \quad HF^1(L_0, F) = 0

The differential in Floer complex vanishes since there are no holomorphic strips between single intersection points.

Step 5: Self-Exts and A∞A_\infty Structure

For Extβˆ—(Op,Op)\text{Ext}^*(\mathcal{O}_p, \mathcal{O}_p): Ext0(Op,Op)=C,Ext1(Op,Op)=C2\text{Ext}^0(\mathcal{O}_p, \mathcal{O}_p) = \mathbb{C}, \quad \text{Ext}^1(\mathcal{O}_p, \mathcal{O}_p) = \mathbb{C}^2

This matches: HFβˆ—(F,F)=Hβˆ—(S1)=CβŠ•C2HF^*(F, F) = H^*(S^1) = \mathbb{C} \oplus \mathbb{C}^2

The A∞A_\infty products on both sides (Yoneda product vs. holomorphic polygon counts) must match. This requires detailed analysis of holomorphic strips in E^\hat{E}.

Step 6: Line Bundles and Lagrangian Tori

Line bundles LΞ±\mathcal{L}_\alpha parametrized by α∈E^\alpha \in \hat{E} correspond to Lagrangian tori TΞ±βŠ‚E^T_\alpha \subset \hat{E} via: Ξ¦(LΞ±)=TΞ±\Phi(\mathcal{L}_\alpha) = T_\alpha

where TΞ±T_\alpha is the translate of L0L_0 by Ξ±\alpha. The Ext groups: Exti(LΞ±,LΞ²)β‰…{Ci=0,Ξ±=Ξ²Ci=1,Ξ±=Ξ²0otherwise\text{Ext}^i(\mathcal{L}_\alpha, \mathcal{L}_\beta) \cong \begin{cases} \mathbb{C} & i=0, \alpha=\beta \\ \mathbb{C} & i=1, \alpha=\beta \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

match the Floer cohomology HFβˆ—(TΞ±,TΞ²)HF^*(T_\alpha, T_\beta) computed from parallel Lagrangian tori.

Step 7: Fully Faithful and Essentially Surjective

Having verified:

  1. Ξ¦\Phi sends generators to generators
  2. All Ext/HF groups match
  3. A∞A_\infty products agree

We conclude Ξ¦\Phi is fully faithful. Essential surjectivity follows from generation: every object in both categories is built from generators.

Conclusion: Ξ¦\Phi is an equivalence of triangulated categories.

β– 
Remark

This proof strategyβ€”identifying generators, verifying Ext/Floer isomorphisms, checking A∞A_\infty compatibilityβ€”has been extended to K3 surfaces, toric varieties, and partial results for Calabi-Yau threefolds. The main challenges in higher dimensions are:

  1. More complex Fukaya categories with intricate A∞A_\infty structures
  2. Difficulties defining and computing Floer cohomology rigorously
  3. Non-compact moduli spaces of holomorphic curves requiring virtual techniques

The elliptic curve case remains the template for HMS proofs, illustrating the deep interplay between algebraic and symplectic geometry.