ProofComplete

Proof of the Equivalence of AC, WO, and Zorn

We prove that the axiom of choice, the well-ordering theorem, and Zorn's lemma are equivalent over ZF, completing the triangle of equivalences.


The Three Statements

Theorem6.1Equivalence theorem

Over ZF, the following are equivalent:

  1. (AC) Every family of nonempty sets has a choice function.
  2. (WO) Every set can be well-ordered.
  3. (Zorn) If every chain in a poset has an upper bound, the poset has a maximal element.

Proof: AC implies WO

Proof

(Already presented in the Well-Ordering Theorem page.) Given AC, fix a choice function ff on P(A){}\mathcal{P}(A) \setminus \{\emptyset\}, and use transfinite recursion to enumerate AA. \blacksquare


Proof: WO implies Zorn

Proof

Let (P,)(P, \leq) be a poset where every chain has an upper bound. By WO, well-order PP as {pα:α<θ}\{p_\alpha : \alpha < \theta\}.

Build a chain CC in PP by transfinite recursion:

  • Start with C0={p0}C_0 = \{p_0\}.
  • At stage α\alpha: if pαp_\alpha is an upper bound for C<α=β<αCβC_{<\alpha} = \bigcup_{\beta < \alpha} C_\beta and pαcp_\alpha \geq c for all cC<αc \in C_{<\alpha}, add pαp_\alpha to the chain: Cα=C<α{pα}C_\alpha = C_{<\alpha} \cup \{p_\alpha\}.
  • Otherwise, skip pαp_\alpha: Cα=C<αC_\alpha = C_{<\alpha}.

More carefully: define CC as a maximal chain. Well-order PP by \prec. Define by recursion: c0c_0 is the \prec-least element of PP. Given the chain {cβ:β<α}\{c_\beta : \beta < \alpha\}, let UαU_\alpha be the set of upper bounds in PP. If UαU_\alpha \neq \emptyset, let cαc_\alpha be the \prec-least element of UαU_\alpha with cαcβc_\alpha \geq c_\beta for all β<α\beta < \alpha (or more precisely, choose cαc_\alpha to extend the chain).

If the chain CC has no strict upper bound (i.e., no element of PP is strictly greater than all elements of CC), then an upper bound mm of CC (which exists by hypothesis) satisfies: mm is maximal. For if mpm \leq p, then pp would be an upper bound of CC with pmp \geq m. If p>mp > m, we could have added pp to the chain, contradicting the construction. Hence p=mp = m, and mm is maximal. \blacksquare


Proof: Zorn implies AC

Proof

Let {Ai}iI\{A_i\}_{i \in I} be a family of nonempty sets. Define the poset:

P={f:f is a function,dom(f)I, and f(i)Ai for all idom(f)},P = \left\{f : f \text{ is a function}, \mathrm{dom}(f) \subseteq I, \text{ and } f(i) \in A_i \text{ for all } i \in \mathrm{dom}(f)\right\},

ordered by inclusion (extension): fgf \leq g iff dom(f)dom(g)\mathrm{dom}(f) \subseteq \mathrm{dom}(g) and gdom(f)=fg|_{\mathrm{dom}(f)} = f.

PP is nonempty: P\emptyset \in P.

Every chain {fα}αJ\{f_\alpha\}_{\alpha \in J} in PP has an upper bound: g=αfαg = \bigcup_\alpha f_\alpha is a well-defined function (compatibility follows from the chain condition), dom(g)=dom(fα)I\mathrm{dom}(g) = \bigcup \mathrm{dom}(f_\alpha) \subseteq I, and g(i)Aig(i) \in A_i for each idom(g)i \in \mathrm{dom}(g).

By Zorn's lemma, PP has a maximal element ff^*. If dom(f)I\mathrm{dom}(f^*) \neq I, pick i0Idom(f)i_0 \in I \setminus \mathrm{dom}(f^*) and any aAi0a \in A_{i_0} (nonempty), then f{(i0,a)}f^* \cup \{(i_0, a)\} strictly extends ff^*, contradicting maximality. So dom(f)=I\mathrm{dom}(f^*) = I, and ff^* is the desired choice function. \blacksquare

RemarkCompleting the circle

We have shown AC     \implies WO     \implies Zorn     \implies AC. Each implication uses different techniques: AC \to WO uses transfinite recursion; WO \to Zorn uses the well-ordering to build chains; Zorn \to AC uses partial choice functions as the poset elements. This triangle of equivalences is one of the most fundamental results in set theory.