Proof of the Equivalence of AC, WO, and Zorn
We prove that the axiom of choice, the well-ordering theorem, and Zorn's lemma are equivalent over ZF, completing the triangle of equivalences.
The Three Statements
Over ZF, the following are equivalent:
- (AC) Every family of nonempty sets has a choice function.
- (WO) Every set can be well-ordered.
- (Zorn) If every chain in a poset has an upper bound, the poset has a maximal element.
Proof: AC implies WO
(Already presented in the Well-Ordering Theorem page.) Given AC, fix a choice function on , and use transfinite recursion to enumerate .
Proof: WO implies Zorn
Let be a poset where every chain has an upper bound. By WO, well-order as .
Build a chain in by transfinite recursion:
- Start with .
- At stage : if is an upper bound for and for all , add to the chain: .
- Otherwise, skip : .
More carefully: define as a maximal chain. Well-order by . Define by recursion: is the -least element of . Given the chain , let be the set of upper bounds in . If , let be the -least element of with for all (or more precisely, choose to extend the chain).
If the chain has no strict upper bound (i.e., no element of is strictly greater than all elements of ), then an upper bound of (which exists by hypothesis) satisfies: is maximal. For if , then would be an upper bound of with . If , we could have added to the chain, contradicting the construction. Hence , and is maximal.
Proof: Zorn implies AC
Let be a family of nonempty sets. Define the poset:
ordered by inclusion (extension): iff and .
is nonempty: .
Every chain in has an upper bound: is a well-defined function (compatibility follows from the chain condition), , and for each .
By Zorn's lemma, has a maximal element . If , pick and any (nonempty), then strictly extends , contradicting maximality. So , and is the desired choice function.
We have shown AC WO Zorn AC. Each implication uses different techniques: AC WO uses transfinite recursion; WO Zorn uses the well-ordering to build chains; Zorn AC uses partial choice functions as the poset elements. This triangle of equivalences is one of the most fundamental results in set theory.