ProofComplete

Proof of Schur's Lemma

We present a complete proof of Schur's Lemma, which characterizes morphisms between irreducible representations.

TheoremSchur's Lemma

Let VV and WW be finite-dimensional irreducible representations of a group GG over an algebraically closed field F\mathbb{F}.

  1. If V≇WV \not\cong W, then HomG(V,W)={0}\text{Hom}_G(V, W) = \{0\}
  2. EndG(V)=Fβ‹…idV\text{End}_G(V) = \mathbb{F} \cdot \text{id}_V (every endomorphism is a scalar)
ProofPart 1: Non-isomorphic Irreducibles

Let ϕ:V→W\phi: V \to W be a non-zero GG-homomorphism. We must show this leads to an isomorphism, contradicting V≇WV \not\cong W.

Step 1: The kernel ker⁑(Ο•)={v∈V:Ο•(v)=0}\ker(\phi) = \{v \in V : \phi(v) = 0\} is a subrepresentation of VV.

Proof: If v∈ker⁑(Ο•)v \in \ker(\phi) and g∈Gg \in G, then: Ο•(gβ‹…v)=gβ‹…Ο•(v)=gβ‹…0=0\phi(g \cdot v) = g \cdot \phi(v) = g \cdot 0 = 0 so gβ‹…v∈ker⁑(Ο•)g \cdot v \in \ker(\phi). Thus ker⁑(Ο•)\ker(\phi) is GG-invariant.

Step 2: Since VV is irreducible and ker⁑(Ο•)β‰ V\ker(\phi) \neq V (as Ο•β‰ 0\phi \neq 0), we have ker⁑(Ο•)={0}\ker(\phi) = \{0\}, so Ο•\phi is injective.

Step 3: The image im(Ο•)={Ο•(v):v∈V}\text{im}(\phi) = \{\phi(v) : v \in V\} is a subrepresentation of WW.

Proof: If w=Ο•(v)∈im(Ο•)w = \phi(v) \in \text{im}(\phi) and g∈Gg \in G, then: gβ‹…w=gβ‹…Ο•(v)=Ο•(gβ‹…v)∈im(Ο•)g \cdot w = g \cdot \phi(v) = \phi(g \cdot v) \in \text{im}(\phi)

Step 4: Since WW is irreducible and im(Ο•)β‰ {0}\text{im}(\phi) \neq \{0\} (as Ο•β‰ 0\phi \neq 0), we have im(Ο•)=W\text{im}(\phi) = W, so Ο•\phi is surjective.

Conclusion: ϕ\phi is bijective, hence an isomorphism V≅WV \cong W. Therefore, if V≇WV \not\cong W, no non-zero homomorphism can exist.

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ProofPart 2: Endomorphisms are Scalars

Let ϕ:V→V\phi: V \to V be a GG-homomorphism. We use the assumption that F\mathbb{F} is algebraically closed.

Step 1: Since F\mathbb{F} is algebraically closed, the characteristic polynomial of Ο•\phi has a root λ∈F\lambda \in \mathbb{F}. This means Ξ»\lambda is an eigenvalue of Ο•\phi.

Step 2: Consider the operator ψ=Ο•βˆ’Ξ»β‹…idV\psi = \phi - \lambda \cdot \text{id}_V. This is also a GG-homomorphism: ψ(gβ‹…v)=Ο•(gβ‹…v)βˆ’Ξ»(gβ‹…v)=gβ‹…Ο•(v)βˆ’gβ‹…(Ξ»v)=gβ‹…Οˆ(v)\psi(g \cdot v) = \phi(g \cdot v) - \lambda(g \cdot v) = g \cdot \phi(v) - g \cdot (\lambda v) = g \cdot \psi(v)

Step 3: The kernel ker⁑(ψ)\ker(\psi) is the Ξ»\lambda-eigenspace of Ο•\phi, which is non-empty by Step 1. Moreover, ker⁑(ψ)\ker(\psi) is a subrepresentation of VV (by the argument in Part 1).

Step 4: Since VV is irreducible and ker⁑(ψ)β‰ {0}\ker(\psi) \neq \{0\}, we must have ker⁑(ψ)=V\ker(\psi) = V. This means ψ=0\psi = 0, i.e., Ο•=Ξ»β‹…idV\phi = \lambda \cdot \text{id}_V.

Conclusion: Every endomorphism of VV is a scalar multiple of the identity.

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Remark

The algebraically closed field assumption is crucial in Part 2. Over R\mathbb{R}, consider the rotation group acting on R2\mathbb{R}^2 by rotations. Rotation by any angle ΞΈβ‰ 0,Ο€\theta \neq 0, \pi is an endomorphism that is not a scalar, yet this representation is irreducible over R\mathbb{R}.

However, over C\mathbb{C}, we can write C2=span(1,i)βŠ•span(1,βˆ’i)\mathbb{C}^2 = \text{span}(1, i) \oplus \text{span}(1, -i), and rotations preserve these one-dimensional subspaces, so the representation becomes reducible.

ExampleConsequences

Character orthogonality: For irreducible characters Ο‡V,Ο‡W\chi_V, \chi_W of a finite group, βŸ¨Ο‡V,Ο‡W⟩=Ξ΄V,W={1ifΒ Vβ‰…W0otherwise\langle \chi_V, \chi_W \rangle = \delta_{V,W} = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } V \cong W \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}

Multiplicity computation: In V=⨁iViβŠ•miV = \bigoplus_i V_i^{\oplus m_i}, the multiplicity mi=dim⁑HomG(Vi,V)m_i = \dim \text{Hom}_G(V_i, V) by Schur's Lemma.