Proof of Schur's Lemma
We present a complete proof of Schur's Lemma, which characterizes morphisms between irreducible representations.
Let and be finite-dimensional irreducible representations of a group over an algebraically closed field .
- If , then
- (every endomorphism is a scalar)
Let be a non-zero -homomorphism. We must show this leads to an isomorphism, contradicting .
Step 1: The kernel is a subrepresentation of .
Proof: If and , then: so . Thus is -invariant.
Step 2: Since is irreducible and (as ), we have , so is injective.
Step 3: The image is a subrepresentation of .
Proof: If and , then:
Step 4: Since is irreducible and (as ), we have , so is surjective.
Conclusion: is bijective, hence an isomorphism . Therefore, if , no non-zero homomorphism can exist.
Let be a -homomorphism. We use the assumption that is algebraically closed.
Step 1: Since is algebraically closed, the characteristic polynomial of has a root . This means is an eigenvalue of .
Step 2: Consider the operator . This is also a -homomorphism:
Step 3: The kernel is the -eigenspace of , which is non-empty by Step 1. Moreover, is a subrepresentation of (by the argument in Part 1).
Step 4: Since is irreducible and , we must have . This means , i.e., .
Conclusion: Every endomorphism of is a scalar multiple of the identity.
The algebraically closed field assumption is crucial in Part 2. Over , consider the rotation group acting on by rotations. Rotation by any angle is an endomorphism that is not a scalar, yet this representation is irreducible over .
However, over , we can write , and rotations preserve these one-dimensional subspaces, so the representation becomes reducible.
Character orthogonality: For irreducible characters of a finite group,
Multiplicity computation: In , the multiplicity by Schur's Lemma.