Proof that in Floer Homology
The fundamental property of the Floer differential is , which ensures the Floer chain complex is indeed a chain complex. The proof relies on the compactification of 1-dimensional moduli spaces of Floer trajectories.
Setup
In the Floer chain complex , the differential defined by (where counts rigid Floer trajectories from to ) satisfies .
Proof
We need to show that for generators (index ) and (index ):
Consider the moduli space of Floer trajectories from to . Since , this moduli space has virtual dimension 1 (after quotienting by the -translation).
Compactification: By Gromov compactness, is a compact 1-manifold with boundary. Boundary points correspond to broken trajectories: pairs where and for some intermediate orbit with .
Boundary structure: The boundary of the compact 1-manifold is:
Counting: Since a compact 1-manifold with boundary has an even number of boundary points:
This holds for all , proving .
The proof requires: (1) transversality: the moduli spaces are smooth manifolds of the expected dimension for generic ; (2) compactness: sequences in converge to broken trajectories (no energy loss to sphere bubbles when , or more generally controlled by the Novikov ring); (3) gluing: broken trajectories can be "glued" back to nearby unbroken ones, ensuring the boundary identification is correct.
In ordinary Morse theory, follows from the same argument: the 1-dimensional moduli space of gradient flow lines between critical points of index difference 2 is a compact 1-manifold whose boundary counts broken flow lines. Floer homology is the infinite-dimensional generalization of this picture.