Proof of the Perfect Set Property for Analytic Sets
Every uncountable analytic set contains a perfect subset. This classical result, due to Suslin, shows that the continuum hypothesis holds for analytic sets.
Statement
Let be a Polish space and an analytic () set. If is uncountable, then contains a perfect set (a nonempty closed set with no isolated points). In particular, .
Proof
Since is analytic, there exists a continuous surjection (or we can write for a tree ). We use the Cantor-Bendixson analysis combined with the tree representation.
Step 1: Tree representation. Write as the projection of a closed set : . This can be represented by a tree on : (the set of infinite branches).
Step 2: The Suslin scheme. Define a Suslin scheme by setting . Then where the union-intersection is over branches.
Step 3: Splitting. An uncountable analytic set has a splitting tree: a perfect subtree such that for every node , the set is uncountable, and has at least two children with and both uncountable.
The construction proceeds by induction: at each level, use the fact that if is uncountable, it cannot be the union of countably many singletons. Since each , at least one (in fact two, by a pigeonhole argument) must be uncountable.
Step 4: Extracting a perfect set. The splitting tree determines a continuous injection : for each , follow the corresponding branch of to obtain a unique point . The image is a perfect set contained in .
More precisely: refine the neighborhoods so that along each branch (possible since is metrizable). Then each branch of determines a unique point in , and the resulting set is homeomorphic to (the Cantor set), hence perfect.
Consequences
Since every uncountable analytic set has cardinality (it contains a perfect set of size ), there are no analytic sets of intermediate cardinality between and . This means the continuum hypothesis holds for analytic sets, regardless of whether CH holds in general.
This was one of the early triumphs of descriptive set theory: resolving CH for a natural and extensive class of sets.
The perfect set property for (coanalytic) sets is independent of ZFC:
- If , there exists an uncountable coanalytic set with no perfect subset (an uncountable set of constructible reals).
- If there exists a measurable cardinal (or exists), then every uncountable set has a perfect subset.
This illustrates the boundary between ZFC-provable and independent statements in descriptive set theory.