TheoremComplete

Parabolic and Hyperbolic Equations - Main Theorem

TheoremExistence and Uniqueness (Parabolic)

For ut=Δu+fu_t = \Delta u + f in Ω×(0,T)\Omega \times (0,T) with u(x,0)=u0u(x,0) = u_0, u=gu = g on ∂Ω×(0,T)\partial\Omega \times (0,T):

If u0∈L2(Ω)u_0 \in L^2(\Omega) and f∈L2(0,T;L2(Ω))f \in L^2(0,T; L^2(\Omega)), there exists unique weak solution u∈L2(0,T;H1(Ω))u \in L^2(0,T; H^1(\Omega)) with ut∈L2(0,T;H−1(Ω))u_t \in L^2(0,T; H^{-1}(\Omega)). Moreover, u∈C([0,T];L2(Ω))u \in C([0,T]; L^2(\Omega)) and satisfies energy estimate: ∥u(t)∥L22+∫0t∥∇u∥L22≤C(∥u0∥L22+∥f∥L2(0,t;L2)2)\|u(t)\|_{L^2}^2 + \int_0^t\|\nabla u\|_{L^2}^2 \leq C(\|u_0\|_{L^2}^2 + \|f\|_{L^2(0,t; L^2)}^2)

TheoremExistence and Uniqueness (Hyperbolic)

For utt=c2Δu+fu_{tt} = c^2\Delta u + f with u(x,0)=u0u(x,0) = u_0, ut(x,0)=u1u_t(x,0) = u_1:

If u0∈H1(Ω)u_0 \in H^1(\Omega), u1∈L2(Ω)u_1 \in L^2(\Omega), f∈L1(0,T;L2(Ω))f \in L^1(0,T; L^2(\Omega)), there exists unique weak solution with u∈C([0,T];H1)u \in C([0,T]; H^1), ut∈C([0,T];L2)u_t \in C([0,T]; L^2), and energy conservation (for f=0f = 0): E(t)=12∫(ut2+c2∣∇u∣2)=E(0)E(t) = \frac{1}{2}\int(u_t^2 + c^2|\nabla u|^2) = E(0)

TheoremFinite Propagation Speed

For hyperbolic equation utt=c2Δuu_{tt} = c^2\Delta u, if u0,u1u_0, u_1 have support in ball BR(0)B_R(0), then u(x,t)=0u(x,t) = 0 for ∣x∣>R+ct|x| > R + ct. This sharp result (domain of dependence) fails completely for parabolic equations.

Remark

Asymptotic behavior: Parabolic solutions decay exponentially: ∥u(t)∥L2≤Ce−λ1t∥u0∥L2\|u(t)\|_{L^2} \leq Ce^{-\lambda_1 t}\|u_0\|_{L^2} on bounded domains. Hyperbolic energy persists: E(t)=E(0)E(t) = E(0) without dissipation.