TheoremComplete

DG Nerve Theorem

The DG nerve theorem establishes an equivalence between DG categories and a class of ∞\infty-categories, providing the precise bridge between the algebraic world of differential graded categories and the homotopy-theoretic world of ∞\infty-categories. Via this construction, the rich theory of DG categories (Keller, Drinfeld, Toen) and the ∞\infty-categorical framework (Lurie) become interchangeable for many purposes.


Statement

Theorem6.1DG nerve equivalence

Let kk be a commutative ring. The DG nerve functor

Ndg:dgCatk→Cat⁡∞N_{\mathrm{dg}}: \mathbf{dgCat}_k \to \operatorname{Cat}_\infty

from the category of small DG categories over kk to ∞\infty-categories, defined by Lurie, has the following properties:

  1. NdgN_{\mathrm{dg}} sends quasi-equivalences to categorical equivalences.
  2. The induced functor on ∞\infty-categories of DG categories (localized at quasi-equivalences) is fully faithful.
  3. The essential image consists of kk-linear ∞\infty-categories (those enriched in D(k)D(k)-modules).

When kk is a field of characteristic 00, this induces an equivalence of ∞\infty-categories:

dgCatk[Wqe−1]≃Cat⁡∞k-lin\mathbf{dgCat}_k[W_{\mathrm{qe}}^{-1}] \simeq \operatorname{Cat}_\infty^{k\text{-lin}}

between DG categories up to quasi-equivalence and kk-linear ∞\infty-categories.

Theorem6.2Stable DG nerve

If A\mathcal{A} is a pretriangulated DG category, then Ndg(A)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) is a stable ∞\infty-category, and

h⁡(Ndg(A))≃H0(A)\operatorname{h}(N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A})) \simeq H^0(\mathcal{A})

as triangulated categories. The triangulated structure on H0(A)H^0(\mathcal{A}) (shift = DG shift, exact triangles = cone sequences) matches the triangulated structure on the homotopy category of the stable ∞\infty-category Ndg(A)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) (shift = suspension, exact triangles = cofiber sequences).

Theorem6.3Morita equivalence

The DG nerve preserves Morita equivalences: two DG categories A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B} are Morita equivalent (i.e., D(A)≃D(B)D(\mathcal{A}) \simeq D(\mathcal{B}) as triangulated categories) if and only if Ind⁡(Ndg(A))≃Ind⁡(Ndg(B))\operatorname{Ind}(N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A})) \simeq \operatorname{Ind}(N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{B})) as presentable stable ∞\infty-categories.

This gives an equivalence between Morita theory of DG categories and Morita theory of stable ∞\infty-categories (in the kk-linear setting).


Construction

ProofConstruction of the DG nerve

The DG nerve Ndg(A)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) of a DG category A\mathcal{A} is a simplicial set whose nn-simplices encode chains of morphisms with higher homotopies.

Step 1 (Dold--Kan correspondence). For each pair X,Y∈AX, Y \in \mathcal{A}, apply the Dold--Kan functor Γ:Ch≤0(k)→sModk\Gamma: \mathbf{Ch}_{\leq 0}(k) \to s\mathbf{Mod}_k to the truncation τ≤0Hom⁡A(X,Y)\tau_{\leq 0}\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathcal{A}}(X, Y) to obtain a simplicial kk-module, hence a simplicial set Map⁡(X,Y)\operatorname{Map}(X, Y).

Step 2 (Simplicial enrichment). The DG category A\mathcal{A} gives rise to a simplicial category AΔ\mathcal{A}^{\Delta} with the same objects and mapping spaces Map⁡AΔ(X,Y)=Γ(τ≤0Hom⁡A(X,Y))\operatorname{Map}_{\mathcal{A}^{\Delta}}(X, Y) = \Gamma(\tau_{\leq 0}\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathcal{A}}(X, Y)).

Step 3 (Simplicial nerve). Apply the simplicial nerve (homotopy coherent nerve) NhcN^{\mathrm{hc}} to obtain a quasi-category:

Ndg(A)=Nhc(AΔ)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) = N^{\mathrm{hc}}(\mathcal{A}^{\Delta})

This is the DG nerve. Its nn-simplices consist of objects X0,…,XnX_0, \ldots, X_n together with compatible chains of morphisms and homotopies.

Step 4 (Independence of truncation). The truncation τ≤0\tau_{\leq 0} is necessary for the Dold--Kan correspondence. For DG categories concentrated in non-positive degrees (as is common in algebraic geometry), no truncation is needed. The full information of positive-degree Hom groups is recovered from the stable structure via πn(map⁡(X,Y))≅H−n(Hom⁡(X,Y))\pi_n(\operatorname{map}(X, Y)) \cong H^{-n}(\operatorname{Hom}(X, Y)).

■

Key Examples

ExampleDG nerve of chain complexes

For the DG category Cdg(R)\mathbf{C}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R) of chain complexes of RR-modules:

Ndg(Cdginj(R))≃D(R)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathbf{C}_{\mathrm{dg}}^{\mathrm{inj}}(R)) \simeq D(R)

where Cdginj(R)\mathbf{C}_{\mathrm{dg}}^{\mathrm{inj}}(R) is the full DG subcategory of h-injective complexes, and D(R)D(R) is the derived ∞\infty-category. The mapping spaces satisfy:

πn(Map⁡D(R)(C,D))≅H−n(Hom⁡dg(C,D))≅Ext⁡R−n(C,D)\pi_n(\operatorname{Map}_{D(R)}(C, D)) \cong H^{-n}(\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathrm{dg}}(C, D)) \cong \operatorname{Ext}^{-n}_R(C, D)

ExampleDG nerve of a DG algebra

For a DG algebra AA (viewed as a one-object DG category), the DG nerve Ndg(A)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(A) is a pointed ∞\infty-category with one object ∗* and endomorphism spectrum:

map⁡(∗,∗)≃∣A∣\operatorname{map}(*, *) \simeq |A|

where ∣A∣|A| denotes the spectrum associated to the chain complex underlying AA. The DG nerve of the category of DG modules gives:

Ndg(Mod⁡Adg,h−proj)≃Mod⁡A∞N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\operatorname{Mod}_A^{\mathrm{dg, h-proj}}) \simeq \operatorname{Mod}_A^{\infty}

the ∞\infty-category of AA-modules (in the derived sense).

ExampleDG nerve for coherent sheaves

For a smooth projective variety XX over a field kk, the DG category of coherent sheaves Coh⁡dg(X)\operatorname{Coh}_{\mathrm{dg}}(X) maps under the DG nerve to:

Ndg(Coh⁡dg(X))≃Db(Coh⁡(X))∞N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\operatorname{Coh}_{\mathrm{dg}}(X)) \simeq D^b(\operatorname{Coh}(X))^{\infty}

the stable ∞\infty-category enhancing Db(Coh⁡(X))D^b(\operatorname{Coh}(X)). This allows translation between DG-level results (Keller, Orlov) and ∞\infty-categorical results (Lurie, Gaitsgory).

ExampleRecovering the DG category from the nerve

Given a small stable ∞\infty-category C\mathcal{C} (linear over kk), one can extract a DG category Cdg\mathcal{C}^{\mathrm{dg}} by taking the mapping spectra and using the inverse Dold--Kan correspondence to produce chain complexes. This gives an inverse to NdgN_{\mathrm{dg}}:

Cdg with Hom⁡Cdg(X,Y)=DK⁡−1(map⁡C(X,Y))\mathcal{C}^{\mathrm{dg}} \text{ with } \operatorname{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}^{\mathrm{dg}}}(X, Y) = \operatorname{DK}^{-1}(\operatorname{map}_{\mathcal{C}}(X, Y))

The roundtrip A↦Ndg(A)↦Ndg(A)dg\mathcal{A} \mapsto N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) \mapsto N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A})^{\mathrm{dg}} recovers A\mathcal{A} up to quasi-equivalence.

ExampleMapping spaces via the DG nerve

For objects X,YX, Y in a DG category A\mathcal{A}, the mapping space in Ndg(A)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) is:

Map⁡Ndg(A)(X,Y)≃Γ(τ≤0Hom⁡A(X,Y))\operatorname{Map}_{N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A})}(X, Y) \simeq \Gamma(\tau_{\leq 0}\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathcal{A}}(X, Y))

In particular:

  • π0(Map⁡(X,Y))=H0(Hom⁡(X,Y))\pi_0(\operatorname{Map}(X, Y)) = H^0(\operatorname{Hom}(X, Y)) (morphisms in the homotopy category).
  • πn(Map⁡(X,Y))=H−n(Hom⁡(X,Y))\pi_n(\operatorname{Map}(X, Y)) = H^{-n}(\operatorname{Hom}(X, Y)) for n>0n > 0 (higher homotopies).

The non-positive cohomology groups of the Hom complex become the homotopy groups of the mapping space.

ExampleDG functors become infinity-functors

A DG functor F:A→BF: \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{B} induces an ∞\infty-functor Ndg(F):Ndg(A)→Ndg(B)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(F): N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}) \to N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{B}). Key properties:

  • If FF is a quasi-equivalence, then Ndg(F)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(F) is a categorical equivalence.
  • If FF preserves cones (exact DG functor between pretriangulated categories), then Ndg(F)N_{\mathrm{dg}}(F) is an exact functor of stable ∞\infty-categories.
  • DG natural transformations map to ∞\infty-natural transformations.
ExampleHochschild cohomology via the DG nerve

For a DG category A\mathcal{A}, the Hochschild cohomology can be computed either at the DG level or the ∞\infty-categorical level:

HH∗(A)=H∗(RHom⁡Aop⊗A(A,A))≅π−∗(map⁡Fun⁡(Ndg(A),Ndg(A))(id⁡,id⁡))HH^*(\mathcal{A}) = H^*(\operatorname{RHom}_{\mathcal{A}^{\mathrm{op}} \otimes \mathcal{A}}(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{A})) \cong \pi_{-*}(\operatorname{map}_{\operatorname{Fun}(N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}), N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}))}(\operatorname{id}, \operatorname{id}))

The DG nerve preserves the Hochschild complex, so computations can be performed in whichever framework is more convenient.


Comparison Results

ExampleDG categories vs. simplicial categories

Over Q\mathbb{Q} (or any field of characteristic 00), the Dold--Kan correspondence gives an equivalence:

Ch≤0(Q)≃sModQ\mathbf{Ch}_{\leq 0}(\mathbb{Q}) \simeq s\mathbf{Mod}_{\mathbb{Q}}

between non-positively graded chain complexes and simplicial Q\mathbb{Q}-modules. This extends to an equivalence between DG categories and simplicial categories (over Q\mathbb{Q}), which then maps to ∞\infty-categories via the homotopy coherent nerve.

In positive characteristic, the Dold--Kan correspondence still exists but the resulting simplicial objects carry less information, and the equivalence between DG categories and ∞\infty-categories is more subtle.

ExampleModel structures on DG categories

Tabuada and Toen endowed dgCatk\mathbf{dgCat}_k with model structures:

  1. Dwyer--Kan model structure: weak equivalences are quasi-equivalences. Fibrant objects are DG categories with "path objects" for Hom complexes.
  2. Morita model structure: weak equivalences are Morita equivalences. Fibrant objects are idempotent-complete pretriangulated DG categories.

The DG nerve sends the Dwyer--Kan model structure to the Joyal model structure on simplicial sets. The Morita model structure corresponds to the ∞\infty-category of idempotent-complete stable ∞\infty-categories.

ExampleFunctor categories

For DG categories A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B}, the DG category of DG functors Fun⁡dg(A,B)\operatorname{Fun}_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}) maps under the nerve to:

Ndg(Fun⁡dg(A,B))≃Fun⁡(Ndg(A),Ndg(B))N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\operatorname{Fun}_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B})) \simeq \operatorname{Fun}(N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{A}), N_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{B}))

the ∞\infty-category of functors. This compatibility with internal Hom is essential for translating categorical constructions between the two frameworks.

ExampleToen's derived category of DG categories

Toen constructed the "derived category" (actually ∞\infty-category) of DG categories:

Hqe⁡=dgCatk[Wqe−1]\operatorname{Hqe} = \mathbf{dgCat}_k[W_{\mathrm{qe}}^{-1}]

This ∞\infty-category has a symmetric monoidal structure (derived tensor product) and an internal Hom (given by DG bimodules). The DG nerve identifies Hqe⁡\operatorname{Hqe} with the ∞\infty-category of kk-linear ∞\infty-categories.

ExampleSix operations via DG nerve

For a morphism f:X→Yf: X \to Y of schemes, the six-functor formalism (f∗,f∗,f!,f!,⊗,Hom⁡‾)(f^*, f_*, f^!, f_!, \otimes, \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}) can be constructed either:

  1. At the DG level: using DG enhancements of derived categories and DG bimodules.
  2. At the ∞\infty-categorical level: using stable ∞\infty-categories and ∞\infty-functors.

The DG nerve theorem ensures these two approaches give equivalent results. In practice, DG methods are often more explicit (using resolutions), while ∞\infty-categorical methods are more conceptual (using universal properties).


Summary

RemarkKey points

The DG nerve theorem bridges differential graded and ∞\infty-categorical worlds:

  1. The DG nerve NdgN_{\mathrm{dg}} sends DG categories to ∞\infty-categories, preserving quasi-equivalences.

  2. Over characteristic 00 fields, it gives an equivalence between DG categories (up to quasi-equivalence) and kk-linear ∞\infty-categories.

  3. Pretriangulated DG categories map to stable ∞\infty-categories, with matching triangulated homotopy categories.

  4. Mapping spaces in the nerve encode the cohomology of Hom complexes: πn(Map⁡(X,Y))≅H−n(Hom⁡(X,Y))\pi_n(\operatorname{Map}(X, Y)) \cong H^{-n}(\operatorname{Hom}(X, Y)).

  5. The DG nerve is compatible with functors, Hochschild cohomology, Morita equivalence, and the six-functor formalism.