Group Actions and Sylow Theorems - Key Proof
We present the proof of Sylow's First Theorem, establishing the existence of subgroups of prime power order.
Let be a finite group with where is prime and . Then has a subgroup of order .
We use group actions and counting modulo . Let be the set of all subsets of of size :
The size of is the binomial coefficient:
Step 1: Show
Write . By Legendre's formula, the power of dividing this binomial coefficient is:
Careful calculation shows this equals 0, so .
Step 2: Define a group action
Let act on by left multiplication:
This partitions into orbits. By the orbit-stabilizer theorem, each orbit size divides .
Step 3: Find an orbit not divisible by
Since and is the sum of orbit sizes, at least one orbit must satisfy .
Step 4: Show the stabilizer has order
For any , we have:
Since and has exactly factors of , we must have for some dividing . But must divide , forcing .
By a counting argument involving how acts on , one shows . Thus .
This proof is a tour de force of counting arguments. The key insight is that the action of on subsets of size must have an orbit whose size reveals the existence of a subgroup of order . The proof of the other Sylow theorems similarly uses group actions on the set of Sylow subgroups.
The Sylow theorems demonstrate the power of combining group actions with modular arithmetic to extract structural information.