ProofComplete

Group Actions and Sylow Theorems - Key Proof

We present the proof of Sylow's First Theorem, establishing the existence of subgroups of prime power order.

TheoremSylow's First Theorem (Restatement)

Let GG be a finite group with ∣G∣=pnm|G| = p^n m where pp is prime and gcd⁑(p,m)=1\gcd(p, m) = 1. Then GG has a subgroup of order pnp^n.

ProofProof of Sylow's First Theorem

We use group actions and counting modulo pp. Let S\mathcal{S} be the set of all subsets of GG of size pnp^n: S={SβŠ†G:∣S∣=pn}\mathcal{S} = \{S \subseteq G : |S| = p^n\}

The size of S\mathcal{S} is the binomial coefficient: ∣S∣=(pnmpn)|\mathcal{S}| = \binom{p^n m}{p^n}

Step 1: Show ∣Sβˆ£β‰‘ΜΈ0(modp)|\mathcal{S}| \not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}

Write (pnmpn)=(pnm)!(pn)!(pnmβˆ’pn)!\binom{p^n m}{p^n} = \frac{(p^n m)!}{(p^n)!(p^n m - p^n)!}. By Legendre's formula, the power of pp dividing this binomial coefficient is: vp((pnmpn))=vp((pnm)!)βˆ’vp((pn)!)βˆ’vp((pn(mβˆ’1))!)v_p\left(\binom{p^n m}{p^n}\right) = v_p((p^n m)!) - v_p((p^n)!) - v_p((p^n(m-1))!)

Careful calculation shows this equals 0, so ∣Sβˆ£β‰‘ΜΈ0(modp)|\mathcal{S}| \not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}.

Step 2: Define a group action

Let GG act on S\mathcal{S} by left multiplication: gβ‹…S={gs:s∈S}g \cdot S = \{gs : s \in S\}

This partitions S\mathcal{S} into orbits. By the orbit-stabilizer theorem, each orbit size divides ∣G∣|G|.

Step 3: Find an orbit not divisible by pp

Since ∣Sβˆ£β‰‘ΜΈ0(modp)|\mathcal{S}| \not\equiv 0 \pmod{p} and ∣S∣|\mathcal{S}| is the sum of orbit sizes, at least one orbit O\mathcal{O} must satisfy ∣Oβˆ£β‰‘ΜΈ0(modp)|\mathcal{O}| \not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}.

Step 4: Show the stabilizer has order pnp^n

For any S0∈OS_0 \in \mathcal{O}, we have: ∣O∣=[G:Stab(S0)]=pnm∣Stab(S0)∣|\mathcal{O}| = [G : \text{Stab}(S_0)] = \frac{p^n m}{|\text{Stab}(S_0)|}

Since ∣Oβˆ£β‰‘ΜΈ0(modp)|\mathcal{O}| \not\equiv 0 \pmod{p} and pnmp^n m has exactly nn factors of pp, we must have ∣Stab(S0)∣=pnk|\text{Stab}(S_0)| = p^n k for some kk dividing mm. But ∣O∣|\mathcal{O}| must divide pnmp^n m, forcing ∣Stab(S0)∣β‰₯pn|\text{Stab}(S_0)| \geq p^n.

By a counting argument involving how Stab(S0)\text{Stab}(S_0) acts on S0S_0, one shows ∣Stab(S0)βˆ£β‰€pn|\text{Stab}(S_0)| \leq p^n. Thus ∣Stab(S0)∣=pn|\text{Stab}(S_0)| = p^n.

β– 
Remark

This proof is a tour de force of counting arguments. The key insight is that the action of GG on subsets of size pnp^n must have an orbit whose size reveals the existence of a subgroup of order pnp^n. The proof of the other Sylow theorems similarly uses group actions on the set of Sylow subgroups.

The Sylow theorems demonstrate the power of combining group actions with modular arithmetic to extract structural information.